False Spring: Credit Suisse Had Deep Ties to Arab Elite ​on Eve of Historic Uprisings

The Arab Spring drew enormous scrutiny to the wealth Arab elites had stashed abroad. A leak of bank data reveals how figures linked to regimes in Egypt, ​Libya, Syria, Jordan, and elsewhere held hundreds of millions at Credit Suisse before and after the uprising.

Key Findings

• Credit Suisse customers included heads of state, royal families, ministers, spy chiefs, and government-connected businessmen from across the Arab ​world.
  
• The sons of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak held six accounts between them, with the highest maximum balance worth over 277 million Swiss francs ​($197.5 million at the time).
  
• A network of Mubarak in-laws and business associates also held accounts before and after the Arab Spring, with tens of millions of Swiss francs in assets.
  
• Some accounts remained open even after their holders were targeted by crowds protesting corruption or were subject to legal actions by prosecutors.
  

In the waning years of their father’s three-decade rule in Egypt, Gamal and Alaa Mubarak were masters of their world, hopping between investment forums, ​policy meetings, and luxury homes. The liberalizing economy under President Hosni Mubarak was booming, and the brothers had the connections to cash in.

Subsidy cuts were planned, state firms were lucratively privatized, and government-owned land could be had for cheap — if you knew the right people. The ​brothers accrued hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of villas, luxury cars, and stakes in major Egyptian companies, eye-catching wealth in a country where ​a quarter of people lived on under $3.20 per day.

Their relatives and business partners prospered, too. Sweetheart deals padded the profits of companies owned by Mubarak in-laws and allies. And it seemed ​like it was only going to get better for the brothers: Gamal, who had spearheaded the economic reforms, was widely tipped to succeed his father as president.

That all collapsed in the space of just three weeks in 2011, when millions took to the streets across the Arab world, demanding accountability for a ruling class ​that had hoarded wealth and sent it abroad for decades. Mubarak resigned in February, and within 30 minutes Swiss authorities had frozen hundreds of ​millions of dollars’ of assets linked to him and his government.

Investigators launched a worldwide hunt for the Mubarak millions. Assets tied to other officials in Yemen, Syria, and Libya were also frozen in the following ​months and years. But a full accounting of the money stashed abroad has remained elusive, especially in the secretive jurisdictions they often favored.

Now, leaked data from Credit Suisse gives new insight into some of the wealth the Mubaraks and other elites held at the Zurich-based bank in the years ​before the Arab Spring, and after it started to rattle their hold on power.

The Suisse Secrets Investigation

Suisse Secrets is a collaborative journalism project based on leaked bank account data from Swiss banking giant Credit Suisse.

The data was provided by an anonymous source to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which shared it with OCCRP and 46 other media partners ​around the world. Reporters on five continents combed through thousands of bank records, interviewed insiders, regulators, and criminal prosecutors, and ​dug into court records and financial disclosures to corroborate their findings. The data covers over 18,000 accounts that were open from the 1940s until ​well into the last decade. Together, they held funds worth more than $100 billion.

"I believe that Swiss banking secrecy laws are immoral,” the source of the data said in a statement. “The pretext of protecting financial privacy is merely a fig ​leaf covering the shameful role of Swiss banks as collaborators of tax evaders. This situation enables corruption and starves developing countries of much-​needed tax revenue.”

Because the Credit Suisse data obtained by journalists is incomplete, there are a number of important caveats to be kept in mind when interpreting it. Read ​more about the project, where the data came from, and what it means.

The data shows that the Mubarak brothers held six accounts at Credit Suisse. One of Alaa’s accounts was opened as early as 1987, when he was 27. Another ​joint account held by the two had a maximum balance worth 277 million Swiss francs ($197.5 million at the time) — amounts previously suggested by ​statements from Egyptian authorities, but never confirmed.

The brothers’ assets at the bank do appear to have been frozen after the Arab Spring, although Swiss authorities have not confirmed this explicitly. Through ​their lawyers, the Mubaraks said all of their assets “were fully declared and acquired from their professional business activities” and that they “originated from ​fully legitimate and lawful sources.” They said previous investigations into them were “politically motivated” and “driven by a campaign of flagrantly false ​allegations of corruption that was associated with the political events in Egypt of 2011.” After being “fully and intrusively investigated” for over ten years, ​authorities “unequivocally excluded any suspicious or illicit activity” on their accounts, they said.

The data also revealed previously unreported accounts held by the fathers of the Mubarak brothers’ wives, some holding millions of Swiss francs. More ​accounts were held by some of the family’s business partners, including some implicated in corruption trials both before and after the Arab Spring.

The leaked data contained more accounts from Egypt than any other Arab country. But many wealthy and powerful figures from around the region also show ​up in the data: presidents, royal families, ministers, spies, and business moguls with close government ties. The account holders came from over half a dozen ​countries hit by the Arab Spring protests, including Syria, Yemen, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Jordan. These accounts, which provide a glimpse into the wealth ​held abroad by Arab elites in the decade before the uprising, were collectively worth at least $1 billion held in just one Swiss bank.

The data also sheds light on the role Credit Suisse played for years in allowing some Arab elites to stash their wealth abroad, even as they and their ​governments were accused of compromising an entire region through corruption and nepotism — grievances at the heart of the Arab Spring protests.

Some customers held accounts despite years of scandals, as was the case with Hussein Salem, a close Mubarak associate whose name became synonymous ​with corruption and cronyism. Others, including spy chiefs, were implicated in human rights violations such as torture and U.S.-led extraordinary rendition.

Some experts who have followed illicit financial outflows from the region say that Swiss and other international banks were integral to moving the very funds ​Arab Spring protesters wanted to recover.

Waleed Nassar, a lawyer who worked on Egypt’s asset recovery efforts, said foreign banks regularly built personal relationships with wealthy customers in ​Egypt, who could then move money out of the country in a way that might have otherwise raised red flags. “You and I can’t go to a bank right now and get away ​with some of the most basic things that are atypical protocol-wise, but these guys can,” he said. “But for [the banks’] conduct, a lot of the money would have ​never have been able to be transferred outside of Egypt in the first place.”

Overseas Wealth: What We Knew

The Arab Spring led to unprecedented scrutiny of the wealth that the region’s elites had stashed overseas.

Swiss authorities have said over $1 billion of assets related to Arab Spring countries were frozen after the uprising, but rarely have explained details beyond ​these generalizations. But even these numbers likely cover a small portion of the stolen wealth: A 2016 Transparency International report estimated that ​Mubarak’s regime alone had stolen nearly $50 billion. The advocacy group estimated that regimes in Tunisia, Yemen, and Libya stole over $115 billion more.

Corruption trials and previous leaks have also added some details. A 2015 leak of data from HSBC’s Swiss branch, for instance, revealed accounts held by ​figures linked to the Mubarak and Assad regimes. The 2016 Panama Papers and 2020 Pandora Papers likewise uncovered an array of offshore companies with ​hundreds of millions of dollars of assets held by Arab elites. However, the majority of wealth leaving Arab countries has not been traced and may never be.

In a statement, Credit Suisse said it rejected “allegations and inferences about the bank’s purported business practices,” and said it was continually working ​“to strengthen its compliance and control framework.” The bank said that the accounts presented by the investigation were “predominantly historical” and ​“based on partial, selective information taken out of context, resulting in tendentious interpretations of the bank’s business conduct.”

“While Credit Suisse cannot comment on potential client relationships, we can confirm that actions have been taken in line with applicable policies and ​regulatory requirements at the relevant times, and that related issues have already been addressed,” the bank said.

Historic Ties: Abdul Halim Khaddam

Over his years in government, former Syrian Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam managed to accrue tens of millions of dollars’ worth of company shares, ​palatial mansions, and assets held in foreign bank accounts — a striking fortune for a lifelong public servant. Khaddam served in high-level government ​positions from 1970 to 2005, first as foreign minister and then vice president under Hafez Al-Assad. He rose to prominence in the 1980s while helping manage ​Syria’s involvement in neighboring Lebanon’s civil war, and its subsequent occupation of the country.

Seeking to foster pro-Damascus Lebanese politicians, Khaddam struck up a friendship with the wealthy businessman Rafik Hariri, backing his successful run ​for prime minister of Lebanon in 1992. Hariri was known to grease his relationships with money, and his friendship with Khaddam was no exception.

A former high-level Syrian official told OCCRP that Khaddam had “dominated Lebanon through Hariri,” who in turn paid him back with favors. He recalled ​meeting Khaddam in Damascus, where the vice president was “living a legendary life.” Khaddam had a reputation for a level of corruption that was so obvious ​it “does not need documents” to be proven, the former official said.

Further charges against Khaddam emerged after Hariri was assassinated during his second prime ministership in 2005, a murder widely blamed on the ​Damascus regime.

The following year, Khaddam defected from the Syrian government led by its current president, Bashar Al-Assad, and fled to Paris. In retaliation, Syrian ​officials began leaking details of his previous dealings.

In a briefing with journalists, officials said Khaddam had taken about $500 million from Hariri over two decades, ​some in the form of houses, yachts, and funds held in French, Lebanese, and Swiss bank accounts. Syrian media ​also reported that Khaddam had taken bribes in the 1980s to allow France and Germany to bury radioactive waste ​in the desert.

Details of Khaddam’s Credit Suisse account, which he held jointly with his wife and three sons, confirm the family ​indeed accumulated substantial wealth while Khaddam was in office. The account, opened in 1994, reached its ​highest balance worth nearly 90 million Swiss francs in September 2003 ($68 million at the time).

Khaddam died in 2020. His sons did not respond to phone calls or repeated requests for comment sent by email ​and text message.

The former vice president was just one among many Arab elites who used Switzerland to stockpile his wealth. For ​years, the country’s financial secrecy and relative stability made it a popular destination for legal and illicit funds.

“The perception that it was a safe haven for hiding wealth in a way which provided high levels of secrecy made it an attractive destination for many ​individuals,” Jackson Oldfield, a researcher at the Civil Forum for Asset Recovery advocacy group, told OCCRP. Switzerland and other European countries ​were also seen as “stable in the sense that this money’s not going to disappear because of currency fluctuations, because of unstable governments in the ​future,” he said.

In total, the Suisse Secrets data showed that five former or current heads of state and government from the Arab world held Credit Suisse accounts. It also ​included spy chiefs and others associated with intelligence agencies — the backbone of many Arab states — from Yemen, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt. Some ​accounts were held by prominent business figures accused of acting as frontmen for Arab regimes.

Accounts of Arab Leaders

At least five Arab heads of state or government held accounts at Credit Suisse, the leaked data shows.

• King Abdullah II of Jordan, a country which has received billions of dollars in U.S. and European aid, held accounts with hundreds of millions of Swiss ​francs. His wife, Queen Rania, and the royal palace’s chief accountant also held accounts. Lawyers representing Jordan’s royal family confirmed to ​OCCRP’s partner, The Guardian, that the king had held multiple Credit Suisse accounts, and that one, which was opened in 2014 and had a maximum ​balance of over 15 million Swiss francs ($15.2 million) in 2016, was still open. They said the “relevant accounts are used for the acquisition of assets, ​investments, operational and personal expenses and general disbursements, including the funding of certain royal initiatives” and that the king and queen ​“have never extracted, in any manner, funds from the Treasury, public assets, international assistance or government budget to accounts situated abroad ​or for his personal enrichment.”
  
• The former sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said, had two accounts, including one opened in 1971 that was worth at its peak over 177 million Swiss francs ($126 ​million). Omani authorities did not respond to repeated requests for comment on the account.
  
• The Iraqi businessman and politician Ayad Allawi held accounts starting in the 1980s overlapping with his time running a Western-backed party of Iraqi ​exiles and as Iraq’s prime minister after the U.S. invasion. One account’s maximum balance was worth over 5 million Swiss francs ($5.2 million). Allawi did ​not respond to emailed requests for comment.
  
• Algerian strongman Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who was forced to resign after mass protests against his bid for a fifth term in office in 2019, held an account, ​overlapping with much of his presidency with a maximum balance worth over 1.4 million Swiss francs ($1.1 million) along with other family members. ​Bouteflika died in 2021.
  
• Samir Rifai, the former prime minister of Jordan, who resigned in 2011 amid popular demonstrations against his government, also held multiple accounts. ​Rifai said the funds came from legitimate sources, such as the sale of family properties and had been declared to the relevant authorities. He “totally, ​unequivocally, and utterly” ruled out any suggestion any came from illicit sources.
  

In Syria, these clients included Mohammad Makhlouf, the brother of former President Hafez Al-Assad’s wife, who acted as a front for his brother-in-law for ​years while leveraging his political ties into a commercial empire spanning tobacco, real estate, banking and oil.

The Egyptian tycoon Hussein Salem, a longtime Mubarak ally with links to the country’s intelligence agencies, was a Credit Suisse customer for over three ​decades. He held at least a dozen accounts with balances often running into the tens of millions, despite being publicly linked to corruption scandals for years ​before and after the Arab Spring.

Even Libya — sanctioned by the United Nations in 1992 to pressure Muammar Gaddafi to cooperate with investigations into the bombing of an airplane over ​Lockerbie, Scotland — provided numerous clients, including several individuals accused of plundering a public development fund over two decades.

Salem died in 2019 and Makhlouf died in 2020. OCCRP sent messages to Salem’s lawyer by email and to Makhlouf’s son, Rami, through his social media ​accounts, but did not receive a response. A lawyer for one of the Libyan businessmen said his “business activities have always been lawful and tax compliant.”

Networked Customers: Mubarak’s Egypt

From his senior position in Egypt’s ruling National Democratic Party, Gamal Mubarak oversaw many of his father’s economic reforms in the years before the ​Arab Spring. The liberalization was popular with investors, but did little to improve living conditions for many Egyptians. Poverty rates even rose, from ​around 17 to 25 percent, in the decade and a half until 2011.

At the same time, an elite network connected to the Mubaraks was profiting from the new business environment, buying state land and other assets for ​cheap and benefiting from state-backed loans. Many of the proceeds made their way into foreign bank accounts.

Corruption trials after the Arab Spring showed that, in addition to family ties and joint ownership in some of the ​country’s biggest companies, many of these elites were also connected by suspect dealings behind the scenes.

One of those to benefit was Mohamed Magdy Rassekh, whose daughter Heddy was married to Gamal’s brother Alaa. ​Throughout the 1990s, Rassekh accumulated numerous holdings, including in the gas sector. He also invested in real ​estate, serving as non-executive chairman of the Egyptian luxury property developer SODIC.

After the Arab Spring, a court found that Rassekh had conspired with a former housing minister to obtain plots of land ​outside Cairo at below-market rates. In 2012, Rassekh was sentenced to five years in prison, although last year he ​managed to strike a “reconciliation” deal with Egyptian authorities to pay over 1.3 billion Egyptian pounds — over $80 ​million at the time — along with the minister to have the charges removed. Rassekh did not reply to repeated requests ​for comment sent to his lawyer.

The Suisse Secrets data shows that Rassekh was a Credit Suisse customer for over half a decade before the Arab Spring. An account opened in 2005 was ​worth over 3 million Swiss francs ($2.5 million) the following year. It was closed in 2015, more than four years after his name first appeared on lists of figures ​whose assets were frozen after Egypt’s uprising.

Tracing assets held by Rassekh and other members of the Mubarak family shows how deeply family, business, and political ties were intertwined on the eve ​of the Arab Spring –– and how many of the system’s key figures held accounts at Credit Suisse.

Overlapping Interests

Many members of Egypt’s political and business elite were connected through common investments and family ties. Many were also customers at Credit ​Suisse.

• The real estate company SODIC received investment from a Cairo-based investment bank, EFG-Hermes, where Gamal Mubarak held shares in a subsidiary ​that reportedly earned him $880,000 in dividends per year. The bank’s chief executive officer, Yasser El-Mallawany — whose name appeared on multiple ​Credit Suisse accounts — was charged in 2012 alongside the Mubarak brothers with manipulating stock prices to profit from the sale of a separate bank. ​They were acquitted in 2020. Through his lawyer, Mallawany said information regarding the accounts was “not correct,” but did not elaborate. He denied ​any wrongdoing and said that the main source of funds was “derived from his professional work and the proceeds of his ownership in the companies ​where he assumed a managerial role.”
  
• Alaa Mubarak held shares in another luxury property developer, Palm Hills, where Mallawany was a non-executive board member. The company is run by ​billionaire Yasseen Mansour, whose name also appeared on multiple Credit Suisse accounts. Mansour’s assets were briefly frozen in 2011 on corruption ​charges but he was later cleared, reportedly after paying 250 million Egyptian pounds to the authorities. Mansour did not respond to multiple requests ​for comment sent by OCCRP and his companies or calls made to his personal and business phone numbers.
  
• Another Egyptian real estate mogul, Hisham Talaat Moustafa, appeared on multiple Credit Suisse accounts, including one family account that remained ​open after he was convicted in 2009 of murdering his mistress, the Lebanese pop singer Suzanne Tamim, in Dubai. Moustafa did not respond to calls and ​messages sent to his personal and company numbers seeking comment.
  
• Gamal Mubarak’s father-in-law, Mahmoud Yehia El-Gammal, who was convicted on profiteering charges after the uprising, also held a Credit Suisse ​account from 2006 to 2013 with a maximum balance worth nearly 20 million Swiss francs ($19 million). Gammal did not respond to repeated requests for ​comment sent to his lawyer.
  
• Mubarak’s information minister, Anas El-Fekky, convicted of wasting public funds in 2014, held an account with a maximum balance worth over 3 million ​Swiss francs ($2.6 million) in 2007. Fekky did not reply to repeated requests for comment sent to him through his social media accounts and calls made to ​his company.
  

How did so many interconnected figures end up banking at the same institution? One former senior Credit Suisse executive told OCCRP that in emerging ​markets the bank often focused on recruiting staff from “good families” who “have access to wealthy families” and could provide referrals for other similarly ​positioned clients.

Often, the former executive said, introductions to so-called “politically exposed persons” would come at “a very senior level,” meaning the client would not ​always have to follow standard procedures, while those managing the accounts were “bureaucrats or functionaries” who “do not ask questions, have no ​knowledge of the region, and no banking knowledge.”

Credit Suisse said that it carried out appropriate due diligence and other control procedures.

“As a leading global financial institution, Credit Suisse is deeply aware of its responsibility to clients, and the financial system as a whole to ensure that the ​highest standards of conduct are upheld,” the bank said. “These media allegations appear to be a concerted effort to discredit the bank and the Swiss ​financial marketplace, which has undergone significant changes over the last several years.”

The Mubarak Accounts

In 2011, Egypt’s Justice Ministry said the Mubarak brothers held around $300 million at Credit Suisse and BNP Paribas. Those accounts appear to have been ​frozen along with others held by Mubarak-connected figures after the Arab Spring, although Swiss authorities have not said so explicitly.

New leaked data shows the brothers held six accounts at Credit Suisse, with the highest maximum balance worth over 277 million Swiss francs. The data does ​not show how account balances related to each other or how funds were transferred between them, meaning it does not necessarily contradict the Justice ​Ministry estimate.

The Mubaraks’ lawyer said the “sources of funds as well as all activities on the brothers’ Swiss bank accounts have been fully and intrusively investigated by ​the Swiss federal prosecutor over the course of more than ten years. Such investigation, which was completed recently and where a closure decision is ​expected imminently, has unequivocally excluded any suspicious or illicit activity.”

Meet the New Boss

There is evidence that many Middle East elites sent money for safekeeping in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe as protesters battered at the walls of their ​privilege at home.

Swiss authorities reported a surge in “suspicious transactions” — those potentially associated with bribery, money laundering, or other offenses — from Arab ​countries to over 600 million Swiss francs in 2011. They attributed the rise both to more stringent reporting requirements and Arab Spring unrest.

In September 2011, the Bank for International Settlements, a Switzerland-based financial institution owned by central banks, said international banks ​reported a surge in liabilities to Egyptian residents of over $6 billion, and to Libyan residents of over $2 billion, in the preceding three months, most likely ​reflecting “domestic funds being moved out of the two countries as a result of the elevated levels of political and economic uncertainty.”

The Suisse Secrets data does not show how many, if any, of these transactions involved Credit Suisse. But at least one elite customer was moving money ​abroad through the bank. Documents from a Spanish investigation showed that the family of Hussein Salem, the longtime Mubarak associate, transferred 3.5 ​million euros’ worth of money from Egypt to an account at Credit Suisse on January 24 and 26, 2011 — just as the protests were getting going in Egypt.

Panama Papers Connection

In 2016, the Panama Papers leaks showed that Credit Suisse was still conducting some business on behalf of Alaa Mubarak years after the Arab Spring.

The Panama Papers were a trove of documents from offshore law firm Mossack Fonseca, leaked to Süddeutsche Zeitung and investigated by media outlets ​around the world in a project coordinated by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.

Emails showed that Mossack Fonseca, the Panamanian law firm at the heart of the leak, had been managing an offshore company, Pan World Investments, on ​Alaa’s behalf with some $50 million in assets and that Credit Suisse introduced them to the client.

In 2014, as numerous corruption trials against the Mubarak brothers were proceeding, Credit Suisse contacted Mossack Fonseca once again, asking them to ​ensure that Pan World Investments was maintained in “good standing.”

As the Arab Spring ground on, it became increasingly clear that the protesters’ demands to end corruption would be met only with piecemeal measures –– if ​at all. In Libya, Syria, and Yemen, uprisings collapsed into civil wars, quashing any hope for reform. Monarchies in Jordan, Morocco, and the Gulf states held ​strong while instituting cosmetic reforms.

Egypt’s democratic experiment ended abruptly in the summer of 2013, when a military officer named Abdel Fattah El-Sisi toppled the country’s first freely ​elected president, Mohammad Morsi. Optimism gave way to the realization that most of the Swiss assets frozen after the uprising would not be returned.

In Egypt, a series of “reconciliation” deals caused many corruption charges to be cleared. In 2017, Swiss authorities said they were ending their legal ​assistance program with Cairo and unfreezing related assets, although some 430 million Swiss francs under criminal investigation in Switzerland — the bulk of ​it apparently related to the Mubarak brothers — stayed frozen.

In November last year, an Egyptian court issued a final ruling canceling the Mubarak brothers’ asset freezes. Through their lawyer, the brothers said in ​December the Swiss federal prosecutor “gave notice to the parties of the imminent conclusion and closure of the case.”

Oldfield, of the Civil Forum for Asset Recovery, said that while the Arab Spring brought new attention to illicit financial flows between Europe and North ​Africa, “nothing has changed too substantially.”

“The underlying theme is still that it’s relatively easy to hide illicit wealth in Europe, and it’s relatively a welcoming place to do so,” he said. “This is not a ​problem which has ended. It’s still very much ongoing.”

Nassar, the lawyer who worked on asset recovery in Egypt, said that the efforts started to lose steam as the political will to find and return assets receded. ​Even under Morsi, he recalled that many officials questioned how successful the program would be.

“They were always skeptical of whether we could get any money back,” Nassar said. “In hindsight, I think they were prescient.”

Research on this story was provided by OCCRP ID. Data expertise was provided by OCCRP's Data Team. Fact-checking was provided by the OCCRP Fact-Checking Desk.